The Technical Field "硬化物" had 232 patent application filings in the most recent period (2023-01-01 to 2023-02-28). This is a slightly decreased of -5 filings (-2.1%) over 237 they had in the same period of the previous year (2022-01-01 to 2022-02-28). This report also includes technical terms related to " 硬化体 " in the search set.
The highest number of filings in 2018 with 2,799 cases, and their lowest number in 2022 with 1,765 cases.
The mean of the number of filings over the last 5 years (2018 to 2023, 12,064 cases in total) is 2,011, and the median is 2,012. The coefficient of variation (standard deviation/mean) is 0.3, and there have been big fluctuations in the number of filings from year to year.
Index | Value |
---|---|
Average | 2,011 patents |
Std Dev | 648 |
COV | 0.3 |
Year | Cases | YOY |
---|---|---|
2022 year | 1,765 cases | -8.88 % |
2021 year | 1,937 cases | -7.23 % |
2020 year | 2,088 cases | -21.30 % |
This report provides the latest patent analysis information (the IP landscape, including a patent map) on the patent search results of the JP patent database for 硬化物 for the period of the last 10 years (2014-01-01 to 2024-10-31). You can compare the information in this report with the trends in your competitors’ patent filings and technologies, and use it to search for important patents.
This service provides, free of charge, a patent analysis report based on the latest patent data (Japanese, U.S., European, and PCT application publications) for use in patent searches, patent analysis, and IP landscaping. The service is offered by "Patent Integration" a firm specializing in patent search/patent analysis.
This report includes basic information to help you understand the IP strategy and management of 硬化物, such as changes in the number of patents/patent applications they have filed, comparisons of the numbers of patents/patent applications filed by their peers and competitors, their top coapplicants (joint research partners, alliance partners), and their most important patents. It can be used in various intellectual property business operations such as IP landscaping, patent search/patent analysis, preparation of intellectual property business evaluation reports, selection of M&A candidates, and selection of alliance partners.
He is a patent attorney at a patent office. He specializes in invention counseling, patent filing, and intellectual property strategies for start-up companies and new businesses in the fields of software, information technology and artificial intelligence. He runs a patent course for beginners on Udemy, an online course provider.
After studying physics at the University of Tokyo as a doctoral student, he was engaged in intellectual property analysis and technology trend research as an in-house patent attorney at a precision equipment manufacturer and at Toyota Central R&D Labs. Inc..
The concept of the "IP landscape" (IPL) has been attracting attention recently.
An IP landscape is not limited to patent information, but also integrates and analyzes business information (e.g., non-patent information such as papers, news releases, stock information, and market information). Intellectual-property-based business management is realized through the analysis of intellectual property information applied to the formulation of management strategies and business strategies. This is a comprehensive approach that includes but not limited to planning of open and closed strategies, selecting M&A candidates, searching for alliance partners, and formulating intellectual property strategies, through the exploitation of intellectual property information.
IP landscaping usually includes patent search and patent analysis. In patent search and patent analysis, it is important to grasp the market position of each company and the overall technological trends and development trends for each technology. More specifically, it is important to understand what intellectual property your own company and other companies hold, what the strengths and weaknesses of other companies are, and how other companies are trying to exploit their intellectual property. In other words, it is important to understand both the business strategy and the intellectual property strategy of each company.
After reading this search report, you may be interested in more detailed patent searches and patent analysis. We offer a service called Patent Integration, which is an integrated patent search and patent analysis service. With reasonable pricing and a simple user interface such that even beginners can quickly search for and analyze patent information by company or technology from a web browser, please consider using it for detailed patent searches, patent analysis, and IP landscaping.
Patent Integration has a patent-landscaping function that can visually represent a set of tens of thousands of patents/patent applications. This allows you to convincingly show the technical positions of your company and its competitors to your management and business strategists in order to formulate management strategies and business strategies.
The changes in the number of patent filings of 硬化物 over the last 20 years (JP) are shown below.
The change in the number of patents/patent applications is the most basic index in patent analysis. By examining the change in the number of patents/patent applications, you can see the status of technological development and R&D focus for each company or technology. It should be noted that since there is a one and a half year lag between the filing and the laying open of patent applications, it is not possible to analyze the situation more recently than one and half years prior to the present.
In this report, you can only see the change in the number of patents/patent applications by company or technology, whereas Patent Integration allows you to quickly compare the number of patent applications with your competitors in each technical field by cross-referencing with other keywords and patent classifications.
This patent analysis report was created for a patent search set of 20,980 cases retrieved by applying the following search formula and analysis period to the following patent database. Patent information such as a patent analysis result, a patent map, and a patent landscape can be freely used for patent searches, analysis, and work on intellectual property strategies, including IP landscaping.
The number of patents and changes in the number of patents of other companies (competitors) in the same industry as 硬化物 are shown below.
Comparison of changes in the number of patents with peers and competitors is an important analytical index for understanding the intellectual property strategies of each company. By checking the transition of the number of patents for each company / competitor, you can check the status of focus on technology development and R&D for each company / technology.
It should be noted that patents have a time lag of one and a half years from filing to publication, so it is not possible to analyze the situation more recent than one and a half years.
If you want to find out more information, " Patent Integration , You can compare the number of patent applications with competitors in each technical field in a short time by multiplying with other keywords and patent classifications.Please use it for more detailed patent information analysis such as selection of M&A candidate destinations and alliance destinations.
Comparing the number of applications of each company, 住友ベークライト株式会社 has the highest number of joint applications in the last in the last 3 years (2022 to 2024) with 146 cases, followed by DIC株式会社 with 139 cases.
Name | Cases |
---|---|
住友ベークライト株式会社 | 146 cases |
DIC株式会社 | 139 cases |
株式会社レゾナック | 134 cases |
三菱ケミカル株式会社 | 128 cases |
信越化学工業株式会社 | 118 cases |
味の素株式会社 | 93 cases |
日本化薬株式会社 | 70 cases |
大日本印刷株式会社 | 61 cases |
積水化学工業株式会社 | 55 cases |
株式会社カネカ | 55 cases |
東レ株式会社 | 50 cases |
Comparing the number of applications of each company, 株式会社レゾナック has the highest number of joint applications in the last for the target period (2014 to 2024) with 1,368 cases, followed by 信越化学工業株式会社 with 1,040 cases.
Name | Cases |
---|---|
株式会社レゾナック | 1,368 cases |
信越化学工業株式会社 | 1,040 cases |
DIC株式会社 | 901 cases |
住友ベークライト株式会社 | 782 cases |
大日本印刷株式会社 | 782 cases |
三菱ケミカル株式会社 | 682 cases |
味の素株式会社 | 560 cases |
積水化学工業株式会社 | 512 cases |
日本化薬株式会社 | 453 cases |
東レ株式会社 | 311 cases |
株式会社カネカ | 280 cases |
Below is a patent map showing changes in the number of applications for JP patents of 11 companies in the same industry over the past 20 years.
The number of patents and changes in the number of patents of other companies (competitors) in the same industry as 硬化物 are shown below.
Comparison of changes in the number of patents with peers and competitors is an important analytical index for understanding the intellectual property strategies of each company. By checking the transition of the number of patents for each company / competitor, you can check the status of focus on technology development and R&D for each company / technology.
It should be noted that patents have a time lag of one and a half years from filing to publication, so it is not possible to analyze the situation more recent than one and a half years.
If you want to find out more information, " Patent Integration , You can compare the number of patent applications with competitors in each technical field in a short time by multiplying with other keywords and patent classifications.Please use it for more detailed patent information analysis such as selection of M&A candidate destinations and alliance destinations.
Among the top coapplicants, 住友ベークライト株式会社 has the highest number of joint applications in the last in the last 3 years (2022 to 2024) with 146 cases, followed by DIC株式会社 with 139 cases.
Name | Cases |
---|---|
住友ベークライト株式会社 | 146 cases |
DIC株式会社 | 139 cases |
株式会社レゾナック | 134 cases |
信越化学工業株式会社 | 118 cases |
日本化薬株式会社 | 70 cases |
大日本印刷株式会社 | 61 cases |
積水化学工業株式会社 | 55 cases |
Among the top coapplicants, 株式会社レゾナック has the highest number of joint applications in the last for the target period (2014 to 2024) with 1,368 cases, followed by 信越化学工業株式会社 with 1,040 cases.
Name | Cases |
---|---|
株式会社レゾナック | 1,368 cases |
信越化学工業株式会社 | 1,040 cases |
DIC株式会社 | 901 cases |
住友ベークライト株式会社 | 782 cases |
大日本印刷株式会社 | 782 cases |
積水化学工業株式会社 | 512 cases |
日本化薬株式会社 | 453 cases |
Below is a ranking of the number of JP patent applications by 硬化物’s top 7 coapplicants over the last 20 years.
Below is a patent map showing the changes in the numbers of JP patent filings by 硬化物’s top 7 coapplicants over the last 20 years.
硬化物 filed 1,040 joint applications with 信越化学工業株式会社 for the analysis period (2014 to 2024).
The mean of the number of filings over the last 5 years (2018 to 2023, 635 cases in total) is 106, and the median is 111. The coefficient of variation (standard deviation/mean) is 0.4, and there have been big fluctuations in the number of filings from year to year.
The highest number of filings in 2019 with 158 cases, and their lowest number in 2015 with 85 cases.
Index | Value |
---|---|
Average | 106 patents |
Std Dev | 44.0 |
COV | 0.4 |
Year | Cases | YOY |
---|---|---|
2022 year | 96 cases | -10.28 % |
2021 year | 107 cases | -6.96 % |
2020 year | 115 cases | -27.22 % |
硬化物 filed 1,368 joint applications with 株式会社レゾナック for the analysis period (2014 to 2024).
The mean of the number of filings over the last 5 years (2018 to 2023, 708 cases in total) is 118, and the median is 114. The coefficient of variation (standard deviation/mean) is 0.5, and there have been big fluctuations in the number of filings from year to year.
The number of filings has been decreasing for the last 3 years (2020 to 2023). The highest number of filings in 2018 with 221 cases, and their lowest number in 2021 with 66 cases.
Index | Value |
---|---|
Average | 118 patents |
Std Dev | 62.8 |
COV | 0.5 |
Year | Cases | YOY |
---|---|---|
2022 year | 106 cases | +60.6 % |
2021 year | 66 cases | -46.3 % |
2020 year | 123 cases | -25.00 % |
硬化物 filed 453 joint applications with 日本化薬株式会社 for the analysis period (2014 to 2024).
The mean of the number of filings over the last 5 years (2018 to 2023, 205 cases in total) is 34.2, and the median is 34.0. The coefficient of variation (standard deviation/mean) is 0.17, and there have been small fluctuations in the number of filings from year to year.
The number of filings has been increasing for the last 3 years (2020 to 2023). The highest number of filings in 2014 with 85 cases, and their lowest number in 2020 with 27 cases.
Index | Value |
---|---|
Average | 34.2 patents |
Std Dev | 5.7 |
COV | 0.17 |
Year | Cases | YOY |
---|---|---|
2022 year | 39 cases | +30.0 % |
2021 year | 30 cases | +11.11 % |
2020 year | 27 cases | -28.95 % |
硬化物 filed 901 joint applications with DIC株式会社 for the analysis period (2014 to 2024).
The mean of the number of filings over the last 5 years (2018 to 2023, 554 cases in total) is 92.3, and the median is 99.5. The coefficient of variation (standard deviation/mean) is 0.29, and there have been small fluctuations in the number of filings from year to year.
The number of filings has been decreasing for the last 3 years (2020 to 2023). The highest number of filings in 2018 with 120 cases, and their lowest number in 2016 with 77 cases.
Index | Value |
---|---|
Average | 92.3 patents |
Std Dev | 26.4 |
COV | 0.29 |
Year | Cases | YOY |
---|---|---|
2022 year | 102 cases | -1.92 % |
2021 year | 104 cases | +9.47 % |
2020 year | 95 cases | -2.06 % |
硬化物 filed 782 joint applications with 住友ベークライト株式会社 for the analysis period (2014 to 2024).
The mean of the number of filings over the last 5 years (2018 to 2023, 479 cases in total) is 79.8, and the median is 79.0. The coefficient of variation (standard deviation/mean) is 0.19, and there have been small fluctuations in the number of filings from year to year.
The number of filings has been decreasing for the last 3 years (2020 to 2023). The highest number of filings in 2020 with 99 cases, and their lowest number in 2014 with 71 cases.
Index | Value |
---|---|
Average | 79.8 patents |
Std Dev | 15.3 |
COV | 0.19 |
Year | Cases | YOY |
---|---|---|
2022 year | 94 cases | +20.51 % |
2021 year | 78 cases | -21.21 % |
2020 year | 99 cases | +28.57 % |
The following shows JP patents held by 硬化物 that have had an invalidation trial against them demanded or an opposition filed against them by a third party, and 硬化物’s JP patents/patent applications of high importance cited by Examiners in patent examination processes.
By noting the most important patents, you can obtain knowledge of the competitive business environment in which 硬化物 is placed (e.g., whether it is a fiercely competitive environment or an oligopolistic market and the like). In general, it can be understood that a company with a large number of demands for invalidation trials is developing their business in a business environment where IP disputes are common.
If you want to search for more detailed information, you can use Patent Integration to retrieve and download by company cited patents/patent applications or patents undergoing invalidation trials. You can quickly extract important patents from a patent set that includes multiple competitors by cross-referencing with other keywords and patent classifications. Please consider using it for searches for important patents/patent applications.
In the last 3 years (2021-11-01 ~ 2024-10-31), there were 141 patents Opposition from third parties. The average number of Opposition is 1.0 times. The most recently Opposition patent is 特許7432776 "発光素子封止用樹脂組成物、光源装置及び光源装置の製造方法" (Opposition day 2024-08-09) , next is 特許7432132 "ヒートシール性積層体、包装材料用積層体、および包装材料" (Opposition day 2024-08-08) .
- | No. | Title | Opposition days |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 特許7432776 | 発光素子封止用樹脂組成物、光源装置及び光源装置の製造方法 | 2024-08-09 |
2 | 特許7432132 | ヒートシール性積層体、包装材料用積層体、および包装材料 | 2024-08-08 |
3 | 特許7449713 | 硬化性樹脂組成物、硬化物及び電子部品 | 2024-07-19 |
4 | 特許7416313 | 蓄電デバイス包装材用接着剤、蓄電デバイス包装材、蓄電デバイス用容器及び蓄電デバイス | 2024-07-17 |
5 | 特許7416344 | 多層フィルムおよび包装フィルム | 2024-07-10 |
6 | 特許7406485 | 無機酸化物微粒子分散液 | 2024-06-21 |
7 | 特許7398229 | 主剤及び硬化剤のセット、防水材並びにその施工方法 | 2024-05-28 |
8 | 特許7398228 | 主剤及び硬化剤のセット、防水材並びにその施工方法 | 2024-05-28 |
9 | 特許7455017 | アンダーフィル材、電子部品装置及び電子部品装置の製造方法 | 2024-05-20 |
10 | 特許7454906 | アンダーフィル材、電子部品装置及び電子部品装置の製造方法 | 2024-05-20 |
In the last 3 years (2021-11-01 ~ 2024-10-31), there were 397 patents Protest from third parties. The average number of Protest is 1.6 times. The most recently Protest patent is 特開2024-047383 "樹脂組成物" (Protest day 2024-09-24) , next is 特表2024-509807 "組成物" (Protest day 2024-09-21) .
- | No. | Title | Protest days |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 特開2024-047383 | 樹脂組成物 | 2024-09-24 |
2 | 特表2024-509807 | 組成物 | 2024-09-21 |
3 | 特開2022-172800 | 樹脂含浸化粧板用化粧紙及びメラミン化粧板、並びにメラミン化粧板の製造方法 | 2024-09-18 |
4 | 特開2023-035684 | 熱硬化性組成物 | 2024-09-11 |
5 | 特開2024-100817 | 積層体、包装材料、包装袋およびスタンドパウチ | 2024-09-05 |
6 | 特開2024-019543 | 水硬性組成物、水硬性組成物混合材料および硬化体 | 2024-09-03 |
7 | 特開2023-051615 | γ-2CaO・SiO2含有水硬性クリンカ、その製造方法、セメント組成物、セメント質硬化体、および炭酸化セメント質硬化体の製造方法 | 2024-08-27 |
8 | 特表2024-505660 | 硬化性組成物 | 2024-08-26 |
9 | 特開2022-155548 | 感光性樹脂組成物 | 2024-08-23 |
10 | 特開2023-144899 | 包装材、及びその製造方法 | 2024-08-22 |
11 | 特開2023-096299 | 反射防止フィルム | 2024-08-20 |
12 | 特開2023-089053 | 包装材料用積層体および包装材料 | 2024-08-19 |
13 | 特開2022-058240 | 活性エネルギー線硬化型樹脂組成物及び積層体 | 2024-08-09 |
14 | 特開2021-143333 | オレフィン樹脂、硬化性樹脂組成物およびその硬化物 | 2024-08-02 |
15 | 特開2024-094345 | 包装フィルム及び包装袋 | 2024-07-22 |
16 | 特許7563636 | 包装材料、包装体及び包装物品 | 2024-07-18 |
17 | 特開2022-107930 | ガスバリア性フィルム、積層体、および包装材料 | 2024-07-18 |
18 | 特開2022-060063 | エポキシ樹脂組成物及び電子部品装置 | 2024-07-11 |
19 | 特開2023-062004 | 抗ウイルス性物品及び抗ウイルス性樹脂組成物 | 2024-07-09 |
20 | 特開2023-012945 | 封止樹脂組成物及び半導体装置 | 2024-07-01 |
Of the patent applications filed in the last 10 years (2014-11-01 to 2024-10-31), 791 patents/patent applications were protest more than once in the examination process of other patent applications. The mean of the number of protest is 1.5. The most protest patent is 特開2020-157715 "包装材料用積層体および包装材料" (8 times) , and the next most protest patent is 特許7017847 "床材" (7 times) .
- | No. | Title | |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 特開2020-157715 | 包装材料用積層体および包装材料 | 8 times |
2 | 特許7017847 | 床材 | 7 times |
3 | 特開2020-040257 | 積層基材、包装材料用積層体および包装材料 | 6 times |
4 | 特開2017-088844 | 硬化性組成物、硬化物及び積層体 | 6 times |
5 | 特許7282300 | 包装材料用積層体および包装材料 | 6 times |
In the last 3 years (2021-11-01 ~ 2024-10-31), there were 425 patents Inspection from third parties. The average number of Inspection is 2.2 times. The most recently Inspection patent is 特開2023-144899 "包装材、及びその製造方法" (Inspection day 2024-09-19) , next is 特開2024-100817 "積層体、包装材料、包装袋およびスタンドパウチ" (Inspection day 2024-09-13) .
- | No. | Title | Inspection days |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 特開2023-144899 | 包装材、及びその製造方法 | 2024-09-19 |
2 | 特開2024-100817 | 積層体、包装材料、包装袋およびスタンドパウチ | 2024-09-13 |
3 | 特表2023-510433 | フェノール樹脂発泡体、この製造方法及びこれを含む断熱材 | 2024-09-11 |
4 | 特開2024-019543 | 水硬性組成物、水硬性組成物混合材料および硬化体 | 2024-09-09 |
5 | 特開2022-060893 | オキシムエステル系化合物の製造方法及び感光性樹脂組成物の製造方法 | 2024-09-03 |
6 | 特許7535558 | 床材 | 2024-08-30 |
7 | 特開2022-060063 | エポキシ樹脂組成物及び電子部品装置 | 2024-08-28 |
8 | 特開2023-089053 | 包装材料用積層体および包装材料 | 2024-08-27 |
9 | 特開2021-143333 | オレフィン樹脂、硬化性樹脂組成物およびその硬化物 | 2024-08-27 |
10 | 特開2023-096299 | 反射防止フィルム | 2024-08-27 |
11 | 特開2023-066436 | FRP製品の製造方法およびFRP製品 | 2024-08-26 |
12 | 特開2022-107930 | ガスバリア性フィルム、積層体、および包装材料 | 2024-08-22 |
13 | 特許7508761 | 水性樹脂組成物及びそれを含有するコーティング剤組成物 | 2024-08-21 |
14 | 特開2024-094345 | 包装フィルム及び包装袋 | 2024-08-21 |
15 | 特開2022-114818 | 感光性着色樹脂組成物、硬化物、隔壁及び画像表示装置 | 2024-08-20 |
16 | 特開2024-035187 | 粘着剤組成物 | 2024-08-08 |
17 | 特開2021-138909 | 活性エネルギー線硬化性樹脂組成物、粘着剤組成物及び粘着剤 | 2024-08-07 |
18 | 特開2022-100691 | 硬化性組成物、偏光子保護フィルム及び偏光板 | 2024-08-07 |
19 | 特開2021-113304 | エポキシ樹脂組成物の製造方法、そのエポキシ樹脂組成物を用いた液体吐出ヘッド、及びその液体吐出ヘッドの製造方法 | 2024-08-07 |
20 | 特開2022-167558 | ジビニルベンジルフルオレン化合物及びその製造方法、それから得られる硬化性樹脂組成物、硬化性樹脂硬化物、光学物品及び撮像装置 | 2024-08-02 |
Of the patent applications filed in the last 10 years (2014-11-01 to 2024-10-31), 820 patents/patent applications were inspection more than once in the examination process of other patent applications. The mean of the number of inspection is 2.0. The most inspection patent is 特許7017847 "床材" (24 times) , and the next most inspection patent is 特許7282300 "包装材料用積層体および包装材料" (19 times) .
- | No. | Title | |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 特許7017847 | 床材 | 24 times |
2 | 特許7282300 | 包装材料用積層体および包装材料 | 19 times |
3 | 特開2017-088844 | 硬化性組成物、硬化物及び積層体 | 16 times |
4 | 特許7016602 | タッチパネル用ハードコートフィルム、及び、折り畳み式画像表示装置 | 14 times |
5 | 特許7182069 | 包装材料用積層体および包装材料 | 14 times |
Of the patent applications filed in the last 10 years (2014-11-01 to 2024-10-31), 5,164 patents/patent applications were cited more than once in the examination process of other patent applications. The mean of the number of cited is 2.8. The most cited patent is 特許6243869 "光学フィルム、偏光板、および光学フィルムの製造方法" (37 times) , and the next most cited patent is 特許6672616 "樹脂組成物、接着フィルム、プリント配線板及び半導体装置" (34 times) .
- | No. | Title | |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 特許6243869 | 光学フィルム、偏光板、および光学フィルムの製造方法 | 37 times |
2 | 特許6672616 | 樹脂組成物、接着フィルム、プリント配線板及び半導体装置 | 34 times |
3 | 特許6217705 | 発光装置及びその製造方法 | 34 times |
4 | 特許6550872 | プリント配線基板用樹脂組成物、プリプレグ、樹脂基板、金属張積層板、プリント配線基板、および半導体装置 | 30 times |
5 | 特許6995534 | 可溶性多官能ビニル芳香族共重合体、その製造方法、硬化性樹脂組成物及びその硬化物 | 27 times |
"Patent Integration Report" is a web service provided by "Patent Integration Co., Ltd." operated by patent attorneys who are experts in intellectual property rights. Based on the latest patent data, this is one of the largest patent report services in Japan that provides information on technology trends in various companies and technology fields.
The purpose of this web service is to make intellectual property information familiar to many people, regardless of whether they have an interest in intellectual property rights, and to make use of it.
We actively provide various types of patent information that can be used in various media articles such as newspapers, magazines, and web media. Please feel free to contact us from "Inquiry form for details on the content of patent information that can be provided, conditions for provision, etc. Please contact us.
All rights related to the data, documents and charts belong to "an integrated patent search/analysis service provider, Patent Integration". Please specify the source “Patent Integration Report, URL: https://patent-i.com/report/en/" when inserting them into in-house materials, external report materials, etc., regardless of whether they are paid or free of charge.
Patent data is obtained by aggregating and analyzing the latest patent data issued by the Patent Offices of respective countries and jurisdictions and by WIPO. Although we take great care in publishing and analyzing the results, we do not guarantee the correctness of the data. We appreciate your understanding.
If you have any concerns about this service, please feel free to contact us.
All rights to the data, documents, figures and tables are reserved by e-Patent. When publishing internal documents, external reports, etc. (whether paid or free of charge), please use the following URL: https://e-patent.co.jp/.
e-Patent will not be liable for any damages or losses arising from the use of the global patent application status, ranking information, or population search formula in the "SDGs Global Company Ranking from a Patent Perspective". Items with ● in front of the target are not supported at this time (judged to be difficult to approach from the patent information analysis).
There is no problem to cite patent application status and ranking information, but please clearly indicate "Source: e-Patent Co.
Credit notation
・MeCab user dictionary for science technology term © National Bioscience Database Center licensed under CC Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International